We Are Starting a Bug Bounty Project Log and Announce the First Winner!

We Are Starting a Bug Bounty Project Log and Announce the First Winner! Hi all. It has been a month since we started a Bug Bounty project at robotdon.com, our essay writing and editing tool. And now we are ready to make several important announcements,  expand the program and announce the first winner! All right, during this month we have received vulnerability reports from 32 persons all together. Not much, yeah? This is why we were held back from starting an official communication with all participants. Yet, it’s time to come up with the Project’s Log. Hopefully, we will be updating the Log once a week and informing about interesting submission, ideas, reward giveaways, etc. Also, contrary to our initial design many submission came from professionals, not students. This is why we decided to take off eligibility requirements in that to qualify for a contest a report must come from a student. IMPORTANT NOTICE: now anyone can participate (students and not-students alike). Additionally, most of you have sent vulnerability reports BOTH for robotdon.com and (our main project). This indeed is a great idea! We really liked that. And, we must tell you, some of them were really good. IMPORTANT NOTICE: now you can submit vulnerability reports on both robotdon.com and Also, contrary to our initial idea, we have found that in most of you send 1-2 [minor] vulnerabilities. And due to their scope and nature they don’t fully qualify for a reward. Yet, to keep the project going AND to give more rewards we decided to amend the rewards range: now we want to give $250 $2500 rewards. Hopefully, it will help inaugurate more winners and spur an additional interest in the Bug Bounty Program. IMPORTANT NOTICE: reward amount amended, now we give away $250 $2500 rewards. Finally, we are happy to announce our first winner Shay Shavit, a student of NED University of   Engineering and Technology (Karachi, Pakistan). Shay has pointed out to SQL injection vulnerabilities on Reward granted: $250 Congratulations to Shay! Keep it up! P.S. To inaugurate more contributors to RobotRon Bug Bounty Program we decided to open a HALL of FAME. Please check may be your name is there?!

“Eveline” and “The Dead” Essay Example

â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"The Dead† Essay Example â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"The Dead† Paper â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"The Dead† Paper James Joyces short stories â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"The Dead† basically share a lot of similarities in multiple aspects. Although they are thematically different, the main characters in both stories share nearly similar experiences that basically changed their views, beliefs, and decisions in life. The first notable similarity is between Gabriel Conroy, the main character of â€Å"The Dead† and Eveline, the principal character in â€Å"Eveline. † In â€Å"The Dead,† Gabriel Conroy views himself as a person who is in control of his life and, most especially his wife, Gretta. However, when Gretta suddenly cries because she remembered her past lover through a song being played in piano, Gabriel realizes that he has not in control of her since she evidently still has some past attachments that havent been settled. This incident basically changed Gabriels perception of his life and general as he laid down on his bed. Similarly, Eveline was already convinced that she wanted to escape the cruelty of his father by going away with her lover Frank but when she hears the organs that was played during her mothers death, she suddenly had a change of heart and remained in her home town. In addition, Evelines experience is also similar with Gretta as they both heard music that reminded them of their pasts. In short, the similarity between â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"The Dead† is that both stories contained characters who suddenly stopped pursuing their desires and dreams due to a single yet significant experience. Moreover, both stories involves acknowledging and reconciling with the past and using past experiences to make decisions for the future.

Human Resources Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Resources - Assignment Example This is aimed at ensuring that all the roles work together to drive its business objectives. Tesco has a seven-part framework that describes the major skills and behaviors for each job at every level in the organization. This aids the employees to comprehend whether they have the right skills, knowledge, or resources to carry out their roles We are going to have an insight how Tesco company will utilize workforce planning to ensure that employees work efficiently. This is a systematic assessment of the future needs of the workforce and the determination of actions and strategies that are needed to meet those needs. Moreover, it is a systematic process that is integrated, ongoing, and methodological. It determines the human capital skills, when and where they will be required to meet the objectives of the organization. Discussion Workforce planning, organizational culture and employee efficiency It is very crucial for a company like Tesco to plan ahead thus the need for work force pla nning. This is because the company is rapidly expanding. This is because vacancies arise from the company when it creates new jobs when it changes its processes and technology, if employees leave the company, and when it opens new stores internationally and in the UK. As a result, the company uses strategic workforce planning where the positions are open, funded, and filled. Strategic workforce planning takes into consideration the projected loss of knowledge through exist of employees and the projected knowledge requirements for progressing and sustaining the business. The knowledge requirements may include new skills, technology, new roles, and documentation of key the workforce intelligence or new business demands. Planning is more agile, proactive, not exclusively top-down, less reactive and more driven by the line leadership. Therefore, workforce planning is a method that a business uses to forecast on the number and type of employees they currently need now and also in future. They then match the right type of employees to the requirements of the business. Workforce planning is helpful to many businesses as it helps them to identify trends, anticipation change, and implementing new policies from the human resources. Moreover, it is also an important part of the overall strategic plan of a business and should be centralized to ensure that the whole business can actually be taken into account. Strategic workforce planning helps the business leaders to anticipate the type, quality, and number of talent needed to execute the strategies of the business (Morell, 2011: 56-8). Tesco utilizes a workforce planning table to determine the anticipated demand for new staff. This considers both the non-managerial and managerial positions. The managers use this as a tool for determining where to focus development and also how to leverage the knowledge of the long term workers. For the employees it is an opportunity to contribute ideas and energy for improving the compan ies operations, future career opportunities, and an opportunity to understand the priorities of work and where contribution and skill is required most. The workforce planning process includes planning, implementing, evaluation, and assessment. The steps for workforce analysis include, conducting a workload analysis, assessing the current programs gaps, establishing the future skills gap and the capability requirements,

MARX Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MARX - Essay Example This is why the Christian God, the Jewish God, Buddha or any African God, for example, are wise, just and powerful1. All of man’s characteristics are gathered and joined in a larger than life, larger than man figure, with all of these characteristics projected on a grand, infinite scale. Feuerbach himself states that God is â€Å"of mans species-essence, the totality of his powers and attributes raised to the level of infinity†2. Feuerbach’s atheism may, for some part, resemble the classical atheism to which Marx himself adheres. However, we may notice that in Feuerbach’s case, God is not a non-existence, he is a creation. We may argue that Feuerbach implies the creation by a small group of people (the clergy, the religious class that exists in every society) of an infinite figure that will reflect the ambitions and needs of the entire mankind. Gods are images of the people itself and, in this sense, will reflect the main characteristics of those people. So far, we have stated that, according to Feuerbach, God is an image of man. Nevertheless, we are aware that in all monotheistic religions, God is the Supreme Being of the existential Universe, the most powerful element of the Universe. A creation of man has become more powerful than the Creator itself. Substituting the Creator and the Created, Feuerbach states that it was man that created God and not the other way around. This anti-theological (I would not consider it necessarily atheist, looking at atheism in its stricto-sensum definition of denying God’s existence altogether) paradox leads to alienation: man is separated from its own creation, which has become more powerful than himself. For Feuerbach, the subject (man) has become the object, hence the state of alienation in which he finds himself. Marx intervention is not necessarily on the conceptualization of religious alienation, but on the causes of this religious alienation that Feuerbach

Project breif Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Project breif - Literature review Example This research proposal concerns the conduct of a dissertation involving the investigation, assessment and analysis of various challenges involved in the management of government projects in Saudi Arabia and the provisioning of appropriate recommendations for their successful management. As a means of reducing inefficiency and maximizing productivity, stakeholders throughout the business world have come to appreciate the power of timely and relevant project management theory (Al-Otaibi et al., 2013). As such, globalization has created a situation in which firms from around the globe integrate with businesses and projects in other countries. Therefore, engaging in a deeper and more efficient means of globalised project management is a step towards modernization and development; a goal towards which this proposal is fundamentally directed. While the implementation of infrastructural projects is undoubtedly increasing in the developing and emerging economies, project management in these countries is associated with a number of specific challenges (Frame, 2002). Such challenges increase when projects are undertaken for governmental organisations and departments (Frame, 2002). Extensive project work is occurring in Saudi Arabia, with the Kingdom’s government focusing on building infrastructure in areas of power generation, transportation, roads and medical facilities (Meed Media, 2013). Whilst project activity in the country does provide strong opportunities for project management organisations, the successful execution of such projects involves the anticipation, recognition and overcoming of diverse types of challenges with specific political, bureaucratic and legal ramifications (Meed Media, 2013). The proposed research study aims to examine the various challenges associated with management of government projects in Saudi Arabia and the providing of appropriate recommendations for overcoming

Sexism In English Language English Language Essay

Sexism In English Language English Language Essay Sexism in language represents one of the major issues in sociolinguistic studies. As a phenomenon of society, sexism is reflected through language that expresses inclination in favor of one sex and treats the other one in a discriminatory manner. Characteristically, the bias is in favor of men and against women. Thus, the language is presented as a powerful tool of patriarchy. Even though in English-speaking countries all the people are considered equal, discrimination against women exists and this fact is observed in language. Given this evidence, the purpose of the research is to study morphological, syntactic and semantic peculiarities of English sexist language. The research proposal will therefore seek to explore and investigate the following: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To define the concept of sexist language; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To identify and evaluate the cultural factor, social factor, physiological factor and psychological factor which influence the existence of sexism in English language; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To examine the elements of sexism in the English language which occur in the syntax, morphology and semantics of the language; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To determine the strategies for avoiding sexism in English language. The main method applied in this study is a literary overview of the works in which is treated the topic Sexism in English language. The theoretical framework which influenced the elaboration of this research for the deeper insight into the problem of morphological, syntactic and semantic peculiarities of English sexist language is based on the relevant and recent works of such authors as Peter Trudgill in Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, Nilson, Alleen Pace and Haig Bosmajian, H Lee Gershung, Julia P Stanley in Sexism and Language, Nneka Umera-Okeke in Linguistic Sexism: An Overview of the English Language in Everyday Discourse and Hudson, R. A. in Sociolinguistics. These books were selected for the present research as they investigate the phenomenon of sexism in English language and they are recent studies from sociolinguistic domain. On the basis of their ideas concerning elements of sexism in English language, I will analyze and compare their assumptions and evidences about the topic under the discussion. Consequently, I will outline the similarities and differences between their points of view concerning the topic. In addition to this, I will try to determine if they contradict or share the same ideas about the problem investigated and if their arguments are reasonable and trustful, in order to clarify if English language is a sexist one, and if it is to examine the elements of sexism in the English language which occur in the syntax, morphology and semantics of the language. The motivation for choosing the topic of this research proposal is based on the fact that during the last decades a lot of questions and criticisms of  sexist language  have appeared, trying to identify whether English language is a sexist language or it does not. Thus, it would be relevant to perform a linguistic investigation of morphological, syntactic and semantic peculiarities of sexist language. On the basis of this investigation, we will identify the role language plays in the society and how it influences the social attitudes of human beings. Taking into account the fact that women were regarded as a weaker gender in society, being discriminated for a long time, it seems interesting and challenging to explore this topic in order to identify whether this stereotyped social phenomena or subordinate status of women in society is reflected and preserved in language. Due to the fact that many students encounter difficulties in determining the gender of the nouns, the results o f this research will help them to distinguish between the common gender, female gender and male gender of the words and to justify their use. This research could serve as a didactic material for teachers of sociolinguistics and help investigate the main morphological, syntactic and semantic peculiarities of sexist language. Definitions of Sexist Language One of the most important factors in the development of the world is language, which can be interpreted as a human creation. Taking into account the fact that humanity is divided into two spheres: the sphere of males and the spheres of females, it can be revealed a major ambiguity concerning the subject if the language is made by men or by women. Even though, English countries claim that all people are born equal, there are a lot of inequalities between men and women. It is put stress on this topic because according to sociolinguistic research, this inequality is reflected in language and this phenomena sexism in language represents one of the major issues in sociolinguistic studies. According to Hudson, sexism in English languages has existed for a long time, which is reflected of the traditional ethics that men are superior to women [x; 38]. In this order of ideas, Deborah Cameron work, reveals that Men originate from Mars and Women originate from Venus [10]. Given this evidence, it can be seen that some gender differences do exist. Support for this interpretation comes from Peter Trudgell, through his work Sociolinguistics: An introduction to language and society [7; 100], who confirms that males are above females, due to the fact that in the past there existed the myth of superiority, when the entire power was in the hands of men. Thus, as a special social phenomenon, sexism is inevitably reflected through language and sexism in language reflects sexism in society. But, with the raise of womens liberation, and the development of mass media, the whole English words start a social revolution to eliminate the sexism in the English language, because sexism in the English language is seen as a discriminating act of women. This point is particularly relevant for Nneka Umera-Okekes study Sexism in English Language, who asserts that sexism is a kind of discrimination by one sex against the other, especially by males against females [4; 7]. Applied to language, Rob in Lakoff underlines that a sexist language takes a male-as-norm attitude, while female norms have a less positive connotation than males. Thus, Robin Lakoff uses the example of master vs mistress to make the point: there are unequal  connotations  that surround these two matching terms and to the detriment of the female Master has strong and powerful connotation, while mistress does not [2; 67]. This evidence seems to indicate that a sexist language also presents stereotypes of both females and males, but more often to the disadvantage of females. A fuller discussion about sexist language appears in the study Beginners Guide to Language and Gender. Multilingual Matters, 2008, by Allyson Jule, who claims that a sexist language depicts women in the position of passive object rather than active subject, such as on the basis of their appearance (a blonde) or domestic roles (a mother of two) when similar depictions in similar contexts would not be made of men [1; 65]. On this basi s it may be inferred that sexist language discriminates against women. Research by Nneka Umera-Okeke, Linguistic Sexism: An Overview of the English Language in Everyday Discourse, suggests that sexist language is considered to be any language that is supposed to include all people, but unintentionally (or not) excludes a gender -this can be either males or females. It is clear therefore that a look at sexist language is finding the relation between language and gender. A more plausible explanation for this phenomenon would refer to the moment when many people meet difficulties of making the choices between certain words in their everyday discourses. For instance, they wonder which to choose the chairman has arrived for the meeting or the chairperson has arrived when referring to a woman. This fact lends weight to the argument that a sexist language excludes women and trivializes what women do [4; 32]. Sexist language is especially common in situations that describe jobs-common assu mptions include that all doctors are men, all nurses are women, all coaches are men, or all teachers are women. These examples lend strong support to the fact that a sexist language transmits the stereotypes. Ivy and Backlund state that a sexist language refers to the attitudes/behaviors that denigrate one sex to the rise of the other. [5; 123]. Given this evidence it can be seen that sexist language is a verbal communication that transmit those attitudes and behaviors. Additionally to this, a sexist language can be viewed as an instrument used by the members of the society to damage someone. Cameron rightly points out that a language can be called sexist if it represents or name the world from a masculine viewpoint. This means that language encodes a cultures values, and in this way reflects sexist culture [10]. The opinion of Parks Roberton concerning the definition of sexist language is that words, phrases, and expressions that unnecessarily differentiate between women and men or exclude, or diminish either gender [5; 127]. In other words, sexist language refers to the use of language expressions in such a way that it constitutes an unbalanced portrayal of the sexes. Hyde has drawn attention to the fact that in a sexist language he and man refer to everyone [3; 73]. This fact becomes clear when Slovenko examines English language stating that except for words that refer to female by definition (mother, actress, Congresswoman), and words for occupations traditionally held by females (nurse, secretary, prostitute), the English language defines everyone as male [6; 78]. Concluding this subchapter designed to the analysis of the definitions of sexist language, it can be entailed the fact that the sexist language excludes, marginalizes or discriminates against people on the basis of their gender and creates an unfair distinction between women and men. Sexism in language in general comes in three major forms: language ignores women; it defines women as less significant than men; and it completely opposes women. They can be located in the generic masculine terms. Thus, the sexist language is the use of words that cultivate stereotyped gender roles. The Factors of Sexism in the English Language Sexism in English is built up during a long period of the development of language, which leads to the variety of the causes. Thus, in the study An Analysis of Sexism in English Language, there are enumerated four factors which cause the appearance of sexism in language: [11]. Religious Factor According to the Holy Bible (The Books of The Old Testament), God created man first of all, while woman made from one of mans ribs was created just as a help meet for him [Holy Bible]. From the order of the birth, it is obvious to see the different importance of man and woman. Thus, man and woman are not equal at all because woman is only a part of man, which itself is the discrimination against women. Additionally to this, it is known the fact that the first sin was also committed by the woman. Consequently, the woman was punished to bring forth children in pain and was ruled over by the man. These two examples reveal the superiority of men and inferiority of women. In fact, the Holy Bible is actually a book of men and as Christianity is such a powerful religion in Western countries, it is clear therefore that this religious factor consolidate the inferiority of women. Physiological factor Due to the fact that men are stronger than women from physiological point of view, it can be stated that this fact determines that men play a more and more important role in social and economic lives. A mans job is to work outside but a womans job is to stay at home, do the housework and take care of the children. Women are treated as the weaker ones and they realize their own values through their marriages to men. At last, women are lower in status. They have to leech on to men and are dominated by men. Gradually, people begin to discriminate women and think that they are inferior in intelligence. This wrong perspective reflects in language [7; 37]. Social Factor Feminists all claim that we live in a patriarchal society: a society of men, ruled by men and for men. Patriarchy depicts men as the perfect norm against which women are measured and found lacking. Both the Western and Eastern societies use sex, to one degree or another, in allocating tasks, activities, rights, and responsibilities. As for the job done by men and women, there is a long-stereotyped notion of what they can do. In history, there has been a division of labor-a division in which womens place was restrained at home for housework and child-care while men worked outside being the breadwinner. At last, men had dominance over women, and women had to be dependent on men. This was the turning point for women. Thus the sexism in the society has been in existence, the embodiment of which is necessarily the sexism of language. Guimei He in his work An Analysis of Sexism in English, adds that this factor is in a strong correlation with labor division [11]. Psychological factor Because of the social and cultural factors, women are always considered to be the weak. People treat women as inferior to men. They educate men to be manly, decisive, and brave while women are required to be polite, conservative, obedient, and gentle. Because women are in subordinate status in the society, they have to constrain their emotion and give up their own need to meet the satisfaction of men. As time passes, when speaking women pay more attention to the elegance and standard of language than men. They use more pleasant and polite words in the hope that they can receive others approval. And they are taught to speak softly, to avoid contradicting others, to be obedient in communication, and to be aware of giving cues of strong confidence. They mould themselves to be inferior in their potential sub consciousness. Therefore, women try their best to strengthen their social status through their speech than men do. This also suggests that women are in a lower position in the societ y. Additionally to this, Xiang Xu in his study The Sexism in English and Its Rebuilding, claims that history development also had a strong influence to the appearance of sexism in language. Thus, he exemplifies that from ancient time on, the ruling position in western society is almost held by male persons. After climbing to the high position, men began to look down upon women. This attitude could influence the ideology of the whole society. So lots of men-central terms with sexists color came into being during the stage of English forming. In the 14th century, Chaucer, who is concieved as the Father of English language, created a great deal of terms, later, Milton and Shakespeare competitively invented new words. They contributed a lot to English, at the same time, the negative side they brought cant be ignored. These famous males contribution to English who were living in males society, accelerated the extensive transmission of the language of sexism [9; 101-103]. 1.3 Elements of Sexism in English Language In order to identify if English Language is a sexist language, we are going to focus on the identification and examination of elements of sexism which occur in the syntax, morphology and semantics of English Language. 1.3.1 Morphological Peculiarities of Sexism in English a) Derivation In English Language, derivation is a way of word formation with the help of derivational morphemes affixes and suffixes. It forms a word with meaning and category distinct from that of its base through the addition of an affix. These affixes often change the part of the stem. Thus, affixes help us to identify relationships within words. The affixes are always bound morphemes, which carries information about meaning or function. Referring to the English lexicon, Guimei He in his study An Analysis of Sexism in English, claims that in the English lexicon one of the most obvious evidences of the sexism is the affixes which lead to a view of women as a derivation from a male term [11]. The feminine one is always derivative of the masculine one by adding a feminine suffix such as -ess and -ette. Actor, for instance, with the meaning of a person who plays the part of a character in a movie or play ,when attached to a feminine suffix -ess, becomes actress with the meaning of woman with profession similar to those of actor . And as for -ette, when usher is adhered to -ette, it becomes usherette. Such pairs of the words are of long lists in English lexicon. Here just list some of them: Masculine Feminine ambassador ambassadress duke duchess Rovano lends weight to the argument that this kind of word-formation seems to tell that women are derived from men and attached to the men [3; 72-28]. On this basis it can be inferred the fact that the addition of a feminine suffix to masculine human agent nouns usually does more than simply change the gender reference of the word, it often attaches a meaning of triviality, of lesser status or dependence to the term. It shows that woman is affiliated to man, so it is a kind of linguistic discrimination against women. But with further insight into the meaning of such pairs, Randall mentions that stereotyping in the terms  governor  and governess, and  bachelor  and  spinster, the masculine and feminine forms have vastly differing connotations [8; 129]. Thus, he exemplifies that the suffix-ess not only marks the secondary position of the feminine words but also connotes the relationship between the female and male reference to the pair of words. Let us compare the pair of governor with governess. Governor is a ruler of a country, city and associates with power and high social status as well as honor and dignity; while governess is a woman employed to teach young children in their home. Because of the gender differentiation, these two words have dramatically different meanings, the masculine one of which belongs to high social class, but the feminine one marked with -ess belongs to a lower social class. By making observation of many feminine words, which are formed through derivation by adding the suffix-ess, it must therefore be recognized that -ess is far a suffix marking the female category, it has semantic meanings. Preference for but discrimination against female can be clearly seen in ways of word formation. Another aspect, touched by Trask I his study, concerned with this point is that English sex-paired words (here referring to the pair of words with gender contrast) the masculine one has greater flexibility in word-formation and mainly has a wider distribution of meaning [7; 39]. Take the pair of man and woman for instance (man and woman here are roots in the process of word formation). Manhood has three meanings in the Oxford Dictionary. (1) state of being a man, (2)qualities of a man, eg. courage, manliness,(3) a men of a country, while womanhood only has one meaning concept of state of being woman [12]. By comparison, it is clear that manhood has two more meaning concepts than womanhood. What means by having more meaning concepts? According to Trudgill, words are symbol of physical entities in reality [7; 39]. In this sense, the masculine words with much more meaning concepts reflect that men have more chance in social activities and in turn a more efficient way to express them selves and reinforce the masculine imagery. It comes to a conclusion that masculine words are common and general, while feminine words are mainly formed by attacking suffixes on the basis of the masculine words. b) Compound Words Another common way to build words in English through the combination of lexical categories is compound. Greenberg presented a taxonomy of gender for languages. In addition to languages that are without gender, languages are said to have either semantic (also called natural) gender or grammatical (also called anomalous) gender [4; 13]. Thus, he stated that English itself has no difference of gender. Many professionals such as doctor, engineer, lawyer, professor, judge, and surgeon can be used to indicate both males and females. However, actually due to the long-stereotyped view of the relationship between gender and profession, such word conventionally refers to one gender, either male or female. Since occupational terms in English are often seen as a source of perceived sexism, McMinn et al. (1990) administered a test to check for the use of sexist language among college students [1; 67-68]. In written and oral protocols subjects were asked to respond to the following occupational terms, which had been placed in non-sexual contexts:  business executive, nurse, professor, truck driver, librarian, robber, bank teller [10]. Their study shows that sexual bias in English goes beyond grammatical marking, that is, that simply finding terms unmarked for gender will not disabuse language users of their sexual stereotypes For example: (1)My cousin is an engineer. (2)My cousin is a nurse. Nine out of ten come with the first response that my cousin in sentence (1) is male and in sentence (2) female. Only one of all ten tells with hesitation whether my cousin is female or male. Professions involving power and strength such as president and chairman are more likely to be associated to men, because these satisfactory jobs are traditionally viewed as ones qualified only by males. But when indicating females position, professions, etc, these words are created by adding a bound morpheme or by combining them with a word referring to female, a compound form of combination of a female title such as woman, female, lady or madam and the professional term comes into use, for example, woman lawyer and madam chairman. On the other hand, professions involving patience, service or lower social status are more likely to be associated with woman, for example, nurse, dressmaker and secretary. If on special occasions a male involved, then the compound form of a masculine title male or man and a professional term is used for example, newsman, policeman, businessman, fireman, salesman, fisherman, etc. It makes clear that men monopolize the high status professions. Women can only do service work or low social status work. Take the compound word callboy and call girl for example. The former refers to the waiter in hotel or the person who calls the player ready to stage in theatre; the latter means the prostitute summoned by phone. These words have manifested the discrimination of language towards female from the angle of word matching. Using compound forms to specify professions between men and women is somehow a reflection of the reality that women are exclusive from professions with higher social status and to some extent the form of language usage in turn reinforces such a social phenomenon. 1.3.2 Syntactic Peculiarities of Sexism in English a) Generic Pronouns In English there are a group of nouns of common gender, which refer to either male or female such as student, person, teacher, etc. When such nouns are used with generic reference in single form, the traditional grammar advocates using the masculine pronouns in the context for the purpose of coherence with generic nouns [4; 12-14]. Generic pronouns are pronouns that are said to refer, with equal likelihood, to women and men. But the English language ignores women by allowing masculine terms to be used specifically to refer to males and commonly to refer to human beings in general. The generic pronoun he is perhaps the most well known example of the gender-specific of sexist language, and is frequently referred to be he/man language. The most significant manifestation of the sexism is in the use of generic masculine pronouns he and its variants his, him and himself in such sentences as: (1) If one wants to see the ruins, he must find his own guide. (2)  He who laughs last laughs best. (3)  Everyone must do his homework well. (4)  Everyone should learn to solve problems himself. In the above examples, he, his, him and himself are used not sex-specifically, but generically, that is, although the pronouns refer grammatically to the single male citizen, they should be taken to refer to both male and female citizens in general. On the formal occasions, he, him or his can be used to refer to such indefinite pronouns as each, everyone, everybody, no one, someone, anyone and so on. While she, her, herself dont have such usages.  Ã‚  In other words, the masculine pronoun is the representative either female or male reference. Thus, it seems like a linguistic edition of the social inequalities. b) Generic Nouns Another well-known example of generic masculine term is man. Man and woman as two equal components of human race are actually not equal in English lexicon. Man, besides its reference to male human being can also refer to the whole race. The usage in a general sense of man makes woman invisible. For example; (1) All men must die. (2) Man is a social animal. It is easy to see that man, and men can be used generically to refer to both male and female. But woman and women cannot be employed in reference to men. When man appears in discourse, it is commendatory and positive in main circumstances [3; 75-76]. Look at the following idioms: (1) be man enough: brave enough (2) be oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s own man: be able to arrange and decide things independently. However, situation involved woman is quite different: Look at the following examples: (1) Wine, women, and song: drinking, dancing, etc, and enjoying oneself (2) Make an honest woman of somebody: marry somebody having had sexual relationship with her. In the English language, some words referring to female firstly are commendatory words, but afterward slowly have derogatory senses. Survey in the dictionary on the illustrative idioms of man and woman as a quantity observation, derogation of woman is clearly seen. There are totally 33 illustrative idioms for man, of which 15 are with positive meaning, five negative and the rest are neutral with five shared by both man and woman in structure and meaning; While in case of woman, there are only 8 illustrative idioms of which five shared with man in structure and meaning, the rest are all derogatory. From this, one can know that in English using man or men indicates the human race, they treat man as the center of the society, an embodiment of criterion and totally ignore the existence of woman. c) Word order Graddol, D.Swam,J. in their study Gender Voices attest the fact that sexism in language is also reflected in word order. When men and women are presented together, usually words denoting male sex are put in front of female sex. Making females come second reflects the sexist attitude that men are superior to women [6; 71]. 1) Good morning, boys and girls Such a language phenomenon seems to appear so natural as to be widely accepted as a language norm.  In 1553, Wilson insisted that is more natural to place man before woman, as in male and female, husband and wife, father and wife. His point lends weight to the argument that males come first in the natural order, and this is one of the first examples of a male arguing for not only just the superiority of males but that this superiority should be reflected in the structure of language [8; 110-111]. However, Atkinson, K. claims that there are also cases in which male-female order is reversed, for example bride and groom, and ladies and gentlemen. He explains this phenomena by stating that marriage is important to women and the latter is influenced by the notion that men should protect women. Putting ladies before gentlemen doesnt show that women are more superior to men or ladies first, but indicates that in mens mind, women, the same as children, are the weaker ones [4; 167] 1.3.3 Semantic Peculiarities of Sexism in English 1.3.3.1 Semantic derogation of women The study of Cameron, D. in his work Language, Gender, and Sexuality: Current Issues and New Directions is relevant for the reason that he states that language has a tendency to neglect women, treat women as submission and also demean women. The process of words that refer to women acquiring demeaning or sexual connotations has been widely observed, and has been called semantic derogation [10]. 1.3.3.2 Non-parallel semantic developments of paired terms Hudson, R. A claims that words become negative when shifted into the female sphere, while male has remained pure and neutral [1; 34]. For example: King and Queen The first noun is masculine, the other feminine and both mean ruler of an independent state. However, king has preserved its initial meaning, but besides the core meaning of queen, queen is also used as a disparaging term for a gay or sexual man. Master and Mistress Both of them indicate someone who possesses and/or has power over someone or something else. For example: He is my master. usually means He is my boss. or He has more power than me. While She is my mistress. is more likely to be interpreted as meaning She is my illicit lover. Mistress originally refers to a woman in a position of authority, control, and ownership, as the head of a household like a housekeeper, but it implies a woman who has a continuing sexual relationship with a usually married man who is not her husband and from whom she generally receives material support.   1.3.3.3 Semantic collocation and change a) Semantic collocation   Fromkin, V., R.Rodman N.Hyams asserts that in English, a word may have different connotations when it is used to describe different sexes [6; 73-79]. For example: a.  He is imposing. b. She is imposing. Sentence a) means He is impressive and admirable. While sentence b could be interpreted to mean that She is disgusting and apathetic. When the sex changes, so does the meaning. Loose seems a neutral word for both male and female. But a loose woman reminds people of a woman considered being sexually promiscuous whereas a loose man just means a casual man. b) Semantic change Besides, words, which begin with either neutral or positive connotations over time, acquire negative implications and finally end up as sexual slurs. For example, the term hussy derives from Old English huswif (housewife), which means the female head of the house. The term gradually deteriorated to a rustic rude woman and finally comes to mean an indecent, impudent woman or prostitute [3; 78]. Strategies for Avoiding Sexism in English Language Any form of sexist language, whether on purpose or not, will probably stand off or offend some social member or group. Language and language use mirror social attitudes and stereotypes and bias. Along with the womens liberation movement, people began to realize the importance of the language reform and desexism becomes necessary. This evidence raises the question: Should sexist language be changed or avoided? The answer is definitely positive. In her early discussions of sexist language, Renshaw presents an article entitled Twenty-nine ways you can help eliminate sexism i

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

Throughout history, racism has played a major role in social relations. In Harper Lee's novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, this theme is presented to the reader and displays the shallowness of white people in the south during the depression. The assumption that Blacks were inferior is proved during the trial of Tom Robinson. Such characteristics served to justify the verdict of the trial. In this trial, Tom Robinson is accused of raping Mayella Ewell and is found guilty. Many examples from this novel support the fact that Tom Robinson was in fact innocent. Atticus Finch represented Tom Robinson in the trial. He showed that Tom's left arm was crippled due to a former injury using a cotton gin. Atticus expanded on this point by unexpectedly throwing a ball at Tom Robinson. Tom's only reaction was to catch the ball with his right arm. This point is connected to Heck Tate's testimony in telling the court that the right side of Mayella's face had been severely bruised. A left-handed person would logically have inflicted this injury. Tom's left hand is shriveled and totally useless. On the other side of the coin, Atticus shows the court that Mr. Ewell is not ambidextrous but is only right-handed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A second testimony that supports the opposite of the verdict, was the fact that Mr. Ewell never called a doctor after learning of Mayella's injuries. Following the incident, there had not been any physical examination performed by a certified physician. If indeed Mr. Robinson had committed the crime, Mr. Ewell's first instinct would have been to get his daughter checked out. Upon finding his daughter 'assaulted';, he would have wanted to have her injuries treated including the injury that might been caused by rape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The third example of the trial that strongly contrasts with the outcome of the verdict was Mayella's testimony. If Mayella was so sure that Tom Robinson was the one that assaulted her, her testimony would have been clearly stated. Instead, during the trial, Mayella seemed to be unsure of herself at times and hesitated when thinking about certain answers. When Atticus asked Mayella if she remembered the person beating her face, she first answers that she does not recollect if the person hit her. Under her next breath, she says the man did in fact hit her. Once Atticus challenges this statement she gets flustered and continues to use the excuse that she does not remember.

Precise Software Case Analysis

PRECISE SOFTWARE CASE ANALYSIS Problem: When and how to introduce an end-to-end new product to the market? Issues: 1. Should we (Precise) introduce a new product in Open World conference 2000? What could be the impact if we delay to offer an end-to-end solution in the performance management space? 2. What is the best selling strategy for the new product? 3. What is the best pricing strategy for the new product? 4. Should we maintain a single sale force or separate sale force dedicated to the new product? What kind of commissions and how much authority should we set up for the sales force regarding to the new product? 5.How can we deliver the value of the new product to meet our customer expectation and solve our customer problems? 6. How to grow and compete in order to be a leader in the market on a much broader level? Industry/Market Analysis: Database management software referred as performance management market where efficiency and effectiveness are really important. There are a l ot of opportunities due to the need of IT system from the companies. Nearly every company in the industrialized world spent a significant amount of money every year on software purchases ranged from $99 to $10million. The software market estimated to be $4. billion in 2003 compare with $2. 4billion in 1999. However, the market was fragmented. Products were differentiated principally in two ways. On one hand, products differed widely in terms of underlying resources and platforms with they are associated. On the other hand, available products also differed in terms of the functionality they offered. There are few major competitors in this market and the industry need high intensive labor cost. It usually takes long time to develop new product in this industry. Effective advanced technology and product, which can solve the problem for the companies, are very important to success in the industry.Time is another important key to determine whether business will success or fail. Companies in this industry should improve their technology quickly to catch up the ever-changing information technology trend as well as dig the problems of the companies to present the right problem-solve products. One of the largest segments of the market was for software to manage the performance of Oracle databases. A true end-to-end market seemed to be quite large and there was no current direct competition because none of the companies offered an end-to-end solution yet. Consumer Analysis:Database administrators (DBA) are the main targets for Precise. The former usually are well trained thus capable of recognizing the products value. Many DBA’s were authorized to purchase a product range under $25,000. Precise looked for companies had sales of at least 100million and had a business model that required database-intensive applications. DBA need to report to the CIO and need to improve the job performance in order to make performance application efficiently as well as satisfy the b usiness unit head. They are usually budget-limited when they purchase the product.IT Reliability and effectiveness are the other main factors to concern for users. Regarding to the end-to-end management tool service, business firms using enterprise-wide applications have a desired demand. They require the enterprise applications such as ERP and CRM, which were 10million and above. The applications were distributed across many locations and highly data intensive. Firms depended critically on the ability to deliver information quickly, will be the main targets for the new end-to-end product. Competitor Analysis: The three biggest competitors in the software market were Oracle, BMC Software, and Quest Software.Oracle is provides â€Å"Oracle Optimizer† as a part of its basic database package helped to execute SQL statement it received in the most efficient fashion and also offer an add-on package to help measure efficiency. BMC Software has a large range of products. Its revenue grew rapidly since 1998 and Patrol Product line, which target on performance management and availability market, provided timely and accurate data. Quest Software offered around 25 different products, with some of the functions offering products relevant to Precise. Marketing Mix Analysis: A) Product Analysis:Precise offered the software that helped its clients to manage the performance of their information technology (IT) systems. Precise is in the performance management and availability market. Its products are designed to manage the performance applications utilizing Oracle database. The company had focus on a small range of core products but provided users high quality that promised. Precise offered the software license and services. The main products were insight products, SQL and Presto. Precise/SQL accounted for 86% of all Precise’s software licensing fees.The company has strong trained account reps with very strong relationships with key clients. End-to-end response time is extremely important to ensure the system ran efficiently and effectively. All of the available products focused on the performance of each of the components of the system. The sales cycle is 6 to 12 months on average. Precise realized from the feedback of its consumers that they should provide right solutions to its clients rather than the products. However, a full-functionality end-to-end performance tool needs a long time to be developed.It’s going to take six and nine months to get a basic product with purely monitoring only. The fully functional product will accomplish in 2 years. B) Price Analysis: It has one-time license fee with annual maintains and service contracts, priced 15%-20% of the one-time licensing fee. Average price of Precise /SQL had been between $15,000 and $25,000. Precise often offered discounts around 25% which allowed sales force to sell the product easier as well as DBAs can make their decision easily to purchase without approve by the CIO. I n addition, price can be varied greatly depending on the customers and other factors.They charged more for higher-powered computing environments, which means the price is based on the value that the customers receive from the performance management. C) Distribution Analysis: There are three common channels for distributing commercial software applications such as direct sales, value-added resellers (VCRs), and systems integrators. VCRs and systems integrators earned a margin of about 30-35% on the software sales. And original equipment manufacture (OEM) agreement is popular in smaller niche areas. Precise sells its products through a duel-channel distribution system.Internationally, the company sells through both VARs and system integrators in most countries. 17 account executives are hired to do direct sell and also sell through distributors in most countries, and each is paid a salary of $75,000 and a 5%-9% rate high commission. The average sale of each rep is $800,000 annually an d earned $300,000 for the highest. Therefore, the operating expenses are extremely high (sales and marketing is 35% of the total operating expense) and made the operating loss since 1996. About 55% of its revenue comes from the direct channel and 45% come from the resellers.Precise had a client list of about 400 companies and each sale rep was well trained to sell the products. D) Promotion/ Advertising Analysis: Reps in Precise are the main factor in selling the products. Precise purchase industry lists with the names and phone numbers of key contacts in the target firms and give it to reps. Reps can call the main clients and meet them and try to keep a good relationship with the people who make decisions. Reps are high motivated and professional to sell the products because of related training and high commission strategy.They have an effective sales tool that reps can offer to put the product on the potential buyer client’s system to demonstrate what the product would do. In addition, Precise conducted a survey of ten Precise/SQL clients drawn from a range of different business to find main benefits of their products and able to generate an expected ROI for the purchase. Options: A) To launch a new product in 2000 ROI Analysis Pros: – To be the first one get into the end-to-end market and to be able to announce the new product in the conference with many motivated and qualified prospects gathered in the room at one time. Precise will become a much broader level brand. – Gain more revenue at the beginning with no competition so far in the market. Cons: – New products will attract competitors to get in the market. – There is not enough time for reps to be trained properly to sell the products. – If the new product cannot satisfy the clients, it will destroy the brand image as well as make competitors catch up and run over the Precise. – The new product can only be â€Å"generally available† at this time. There will be much more problem and risks.B) To launch after fully-functional Pros: – Have much more possibility to satisfy customers with fully functional product in term of effectively and efficiency – Its reps will be fully trained to get ready to contribute in selling the new products – If consumers satisfied with the products, Precise will be a leader in the market and increase its profits in the long-term. Cons: – Competitors may launch a similar new product in this market before Precise. – A small range of the products may slow down Precise to be a real broader level brand

Family in American Literature essays

Family in American Literature essays The family is an interesting subject in American literature. It serves as a base in our society which can be shaped and molded into many different forms. Mario Puzos The Godfather shows the family as a successful business in the 1940s. In The Awakening, the family is shown in a strict traditional form which is broken by a mother who feels oppressed by the role society placed on her as a woman. Tom Clancy defines family as the foundation which our society is based on. He demonstrates his point excellently in Patriot Games. The Corleone family is basically intact for crime and corruption only. It is this crime and corruption that keeps the family going (Dessner 430). The Corleone family exists only to turn a profit, and Vito Corleone sees to that. He is the executive of the family, and the executive of his olive oil business (Dessner 430). What makes Vito Corleones character more interesting is that in addition to his shady business practices, he is a robbing hood for his fellow Sicilians. All who have proven their loyalties to him are entitled to help from their Godfather. Vito is willing to help anyone (Schaap 352). The traditional role of women has been to stay at home, clean, cook and raise the kids. Kate Chopin focused her book on the issues that she felt were wrong with the role of upper-class women in the average Louisiana family during the timeframe. The main character, Edna Rich, realizes how much she hates her role in life. She wants to be much more intellectual (The Awakening, Portraying Views of the Family Online). Edna goes beyond the bounds of immoral upper-class women during the time. She goes against the will of her husband and sneaks behind his back while he is on a trip. She rents an apartment and moves out of her house while her husband is away (The Awakening, Portraying Views of the Family Online). While she is on her own, she is free to ...

legislation and its impact on early years practice Essays

legislation and its impact on early years practice Essays legislation and its impact on early years practice Essay legislation and its impact on early years practice Essay In this authorship, I intend to discourse statute law and its impact on early old ages pattern, with respects to staff and kids. I will besides touch on stereotyping and favoritism and associate this in with countries of statute law. Harmonizing to the Government Equalities Office, the Equality Bill was published in 2009 on the 27th of April. I so became an Act of Parliament in the twelvemonth 2010 on the 8th of April. From this the Equality Act so came into force on the 1st of October 2010. The Equality Act merges together nine different pieces of statute law into the one Act. This was done to do it easier for the jurisprudence and besides to reenforce the importance of prosecuting in ways to halt favoritism. ( The Government Equalities Office ) These are one of many Acts of the Apostless that have been brought out to assist convey alteration to those people whose socio-economic position is low. ( Particularly resilient kids as they are less deprived ) Socio-economic position ( SES ) means An person s or group s place within a hierarchal societal construction hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary.reference.com/browse/socioeconomic+status SES has an impact on how people get on in life, as SES can depend on person s income, business, their instruction, where the unrecorded and their overall wellness. SES extremely interlinks with poorness. Harmonizing to The Child Poverty Action Group ( CPAG ) 25 % of kids in Scotland are presently populating in poorness. This greatly impacts kids because if their parents/carers do non hold sufficient money to provide for their kid, can ensue in their kid holding a hapless diet, hapless wellness, lack books/toys to excite larning which may ensue in being intimidation by other kids because they do non fit in, from this kids will hold low instances of self-pride and non desire to travel to school which consequences in truanting. Depending on where households live, this can hold an impact on a kid because if the household live in a rundown estate, where there are high degrees of force and offense so parents/carers may non let their kid to be go out and play which consequences in a deficiency of chances for out-of-door drama and active acquisition. Besides, if the kid s parents do non hold a occupation or they do non value instruction as of import so they may promote their kid to go forth school early. Children whose household income is low and their parents/carers can non afford to purchase them sufficient nutrient, apparels etc. these kids may be stereotyped by other kids. For illustration, because they do non fit in with the other kids so they may be classified as being the poor/dirty kids. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ( UNCRC ) is a farther piece of statute law. On the 19th of April 1990 The UK signed the Convention, following the confirmation on the 16th of December 1991.The UNCRC was brought out to protect kids s rights, to help them in run intoing their basic demands and to maximize their chances in making their full potency. ( Convention on the Rights of the Child ) In the 54 articles, there are several which relate to the sex of the kid. Regardless of being a boy/girl, these articles were set out for all single kids, to supply every kid with equal chances and to do it just for every kid. Article 7 of the UNCRC emphasises how everyone should be treated the same regardless of sex, race, cultural background: the jurisprudence is the same for everyone ; it should be applied in the same manner to all Article 23 provinces: You have the right to work, to be free to take your work, to acquire a wage which allows you to back up your household. If a adult male and a adult female do the same work, they should acquire the same wage. All people who work have the right to fall in together to support their involvements . In some instances, gender roles/sex can be discriminated upon in work topographic points between a adult male and a adult female. For illustration, if the adult male has worked at that place longer, so he may be payed more to the adult female who has merely started. However, they both are making the same occupation. Harmonizing to Lindon ( 1998 ) many old ages ago men/boys were valued more than women/girls. This impacts staff in scenes because it has been said that grownups working with kids, behave in a different manner to a miss than they do to a male child. This is apparent as Lindon ( 1998 ) states that boys are more likely to be encouraged towards active physical behavior ( which is non needfully aggressive ) and grownups seem to digest more dominant or aggressive behavior in male childs before it is regarded as a job However, the UNCRC puts accent on equity and how every kid has equal chances. It is our function as pedagogues to promote all kids to see a broad scope of experiences irrespective of gender. Pigeonholing can besides happen with sex/gender functions as Lindon ( 1998 ) says that male childs may be told when they cry big male childs do nt shout or when a miss shouts person may state it s non nice to shout, you should be more ladylike . This is pigeonholing as everyone regardless of age, sex, race etc. have feelings. Gender functions impact staff as they have to supply kids in nurseries/schools with assorted resources for misss and male childs and non merely encouraging misss to the art country or male childs to the building but promoting all kids as persons to all countries of the nursery regardless of their gender. In decision it is clear to see that statute law impacts staff and kids in many ways. It is our function as pedagogues to value each and every kid as an single regardless of their age, gender, race, sex. Mentions J.Lindon ( 1998 ) Equal Opportunities in Practice Chapter 2. Good Practice with Boys and Girls Hodder and Stoughton CPAG in Scotland ( 2010 ) www.cpag.org.uk/scotland Assessed on: 29/10/10 Convention on the Rights of the Child: Way to the Convention on the Rights of the Child ( 2008 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.unicef.org/crc/index_30197.html Accessed on: 31/10/10 Cultural Dictionary: Socioeconomic position ( SES ) ( 2010 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //dictionary.reference.com/browse/socioeconomic+status Accessed on: 28/10/10 The Government Equalities Office, Equality Act 2010 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.equalities.gov.uk/equality_act_2010.aspx Accessed on: 28/10/10 The Government Equalities Office: Equality Act 2010: What do I need to cognize? hypertext transfer protocol: //www.equalities.gov.uk/equality_act_2010/equality_act_2010_what_do_i_n.aspx Accessed on: 28/10/10

Healthcare Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Healthcare Policy - Essay Example changes in accordance to providing an effective healthcare policy, and how it helps in the dimension of population health is included into the main body. The last section includes concluding response to this problem. The method is particularized examination of the literature together with the critical summarizing and personal inferences on the topic. Healthcare policy is considered to be a number of complexes concerning social and political processes that are directed on providing medical care to the population of the country (Barr, 2011). All factors and forces that provide an influence on the implementation of medical treatment for people are included to the dimension of the term healthcare policy. That is an essential branch concerning social stability and health of population. The United States of America is regarded as a country with highly developed and rather effective system of healthcare policy (Niles, 2014). The majority of population in this country is able to use medical services in order to be successfully treated with the health insurance suggested by the governmental institutions rules (Niles, 2014). Healthcare policy and regulations in USA are functioned to construct rather effective and prosperous conditions in the dimension of medicine for American population. Moreover, the quality of treatment and medical care in USA stays in a high level. Preparation of medical specialists together with modern equipment represents the basis of medical care in this country (Barr, 2011). We may stay the idea about highly developed and completely improved system of health care in the USA. The matter is that medical services in USA are provided by special insurance and this is what covers the cost of treatment for the population (Niles, 2014). People who are able to pay for the reliable insurance are pretended to be treated immediately and with the highest quality. People with low social status or with low income they are deprived from an appropriate free

Macroeconomics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Macroeconomics - Research Paper Example The fiscal policy should be used because it leads to increase in disposable income that translates to increase in demand for goods. It also leads to creation of employment translating to increase in consumption rate. Increase in demand eventually leads to enhanced economic growth (Sullivan & Sheffrin, 2003). Expansionary Fiscal Policy entails the government efforts to raise the aggregate demand. It thus involves raising the government expenditure and lowering taxes. This will have the effect of increasing the Aggregate demand and eventually lead to increased rate of economic growth. This can be illustrated by the equation and the graph shown below: (AD=C+I+G+X-M). This policy will also lead to the multiplier effect. When the government spends more, this money is transferred to the people. This means that when a person receives some money, he will spend part of it and maybe save the rest. The money will be transferred to another person who also does the same. Lowered taxes will increase the levels of disposable income which translate to extra spending and eventually higher economic growth. The multiplier effect has significant advantages to the growth of the economy because it leads to creation of employment and increased consumption (Gavel, 2012). When the government increases its expenditure, it implies that there is more activity both in the private and public sector leading to creation of jobs. For instance, if the government decides to spend more on the construction of roads, it means that more employees will be required in offering skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labor (Gavel, 2012). It also implies that the new projects will require materials from different suppliers who have to raise their production levels. The raised production levels will need extra labor and more people will get jobs. As mention above, the multiplier effect leads to money reaching more people within the economy. These